Ethereum

ETH 2.0

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has outlined his goals for the Ethereum blockchain in the next step of its roadmap, dubbed the “Surge.”
In an Oct. 17 technical blog <a data-ct-non-breakable="null" href="https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2024/10/17/futures2.html" rel="null" target="null" text="null" title="null">post</a>, Buterin shared his “key goals” for the Surge, which include achieving more than 100,000 transactions per second (TPS) across Ethereum’s mainnet and layer-2 blockchains and increasing interoperability between layer 2s.&nbsp;
“Ethereum should feel like one ecosystem, not 34 different blockchains,” Buterin wrote.&nbsp;
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 <img alt="Vitalik Buterin, Developers, Ethereum 2.0" src="https://s3.cointelegraph.com/uploads/2024-10/0192984b-406e-758e-b55a-eb64f4db0fa6" title="">
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 Buterin said 100,000 transactions per second across L1s and L2s a key goal of the Surge. Source: Vitalik Buterin
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Buterin celebrated the success of Ethereum’s rollup-centric roadmap — bolstered by the <a data-ct-non-breakable="null" href="https://cointelegraph.com/explained/what-is-the-ethereum-dencun-upgrade-and-why-is-it-important" rel="null" target="null" text="null" title="null">Dencun upgrade in March</a> — but conceded that this approach had introduced “some unique challenges of its own.”
Dencun — comprised of both the <a data-ct-non-breakable="null" href="https://cointelegraph.com/learn/ethereum-dencun-upgrade-proto-danksharding-and-layer-2-scalability" rel="null" target="null" text="null" title="null">Shanghai and Cancun-Dened upgrades</a> — introduced a swath of scaling improvements, including <a data-ct-non-breakable="null" href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/ethereum-blobscriptions-taking-blob-fees-gas-price-new-highs" rel="null" target="null" text="null" title="null">“blobs” for cheaper data</a> and slashing the cost of fees on L2 networks.&nbsp;
The rollup-centric roadmap has drawn ire from critics, with <a data-ct-non-breakable="null" href="https://cointelegraph.com/magazine/simple-change-save-ethereum-roadmap-to-hell/" rel="null" target="null" text="null" title="null">some claiming that “extractive L2s</a>” are stealing users and revenue from Ethereum’s mainnet, which introduced new security risks and caused its native token Ether (<a data-ct-non-breakable="null" href="https://cointelegraph.com/ethereum-price" rel="null" target="null" text="null" title="null">ETH</a>) to flip inflationary.
In his post, Buterin said that the Ethereum network would have to break new ground in areas such as data availability sampling, improving data compression, making L2 networks sufficiently “trustless” and improving the user experience between blockchains.
He said developing Ethereum rollups to be trustless — much like the Ethereum mainnet — had not progressed further due to concerns of “bugs in the code.”
Buterin said Ethereum “needs” trustless rollups so that some L2s could “inherit Ethereum’s core properties” and allow for more robust scaling over time.&nbsp;
<h2 id="strong-ethereum-also-needs-to-scale-strong">Ethereum also needs to scale</h2>
Buterin also noted the need to scale the Ethereum base chain so it can keep up with demand.
“If L2s become very scalable and successful but L1 remains capable of processing only a very low volume of transactions, there are many risks to Ethereum that might arise.”
Buterin said the most “simple solution” would be to increase Ethereum’s gas limit, but noted that this introduces centralization risks due to the increased costs incurred by stakers.&nbsp;
His other proposed solution would be to make specific features and types of computations cheaper without sacrificing decentralization. He pointed to improvements such as <a data-ct-non-breakable="null" href="https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2024/05/09/multidim.html" rel="null" target="null" text="null" title="null">“multidimensional” gas pricing</a>, reducing gas costs of specific opcodes and introducing new bytecode formats.&nbsp;
<h2 id="improving-ethereum-s-user-experience">Improving Ethereum’s user-experience</h2>
In a less technical section of his post, Buterin highlighted the importance of improving user experience between Ethereum’s subsequent layer-2 networks — a concern <a data-ct-non-breakable="null" href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/ethereum-future-hinges-interoperable-layer-2s" rel="null" target="null" text="null" title="null">many Ethereum users have raised</a> in recent months.&nbsp;
“If we are serious about the idea that L2s are part of Ethereum, we need to make using the L2 ecosystem feel like using a unified Ethereum ecosystem,” he said.&nbsp;
Buterin said that allowing layer-2 networks to communicate more easily with one another in the back end would reduce the technical strain on users.&nbsp;
Related: <a data-ct-non-breakable="null" href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/new-eip-speed-up-ethereum-block-creation-times" rel="null" target="null" text="null" title="null">New Ethereum proposal aims to increase throughput by 50%</a>
Such improvements would see layer-2 users send tokens from one chain to another without the headache of manually bridging or swapping them into a native token to pay gas.&nbsp;
<h2 id="the-rollup-centric-roadmap">The rollup-centric roadmap</h2>
Historically, Ethereum’s development was based on the long-standing ETH 2.0 roadmap, which planned to scale Ethereum monolithically using “sharding” — something that looked roughly like 64 Ethereum blockchains all running together in unison.&nbsp;
In October 2020, Buterin <a data-ct-non-breakable="null" href="https://cointelegraph.com/magazine/joe-lubin-the-truth-about-eth-founders-split-and-crypto-google/" rel="null" target="null" text="null" title="null">bailed on sharding</a> as an alternative solution began to emerge in the form of Optimistic and ZK-rollups. These layer-2 projects take the execution and computation off the main chain but retain its security.
“Now our task is to bring the rollup-centric roadmap to completion, and solve these problems, while preserving the robustness and decentralization that makes the Ethereum L1 special,” Buterin wrote.&nbsp;
Magazine: <a data-ct-non-breakable="null" href="https://cointelegraph.com/magazine/simple-change-save-ethereum-roadmap-to-hell/" rel="null" target="null" text="null" title="null">Proposed change could save Ethereum from L2 ‘roadmap to hell’</a>

Ethereum, L2s to reach over 100K TPS with the 'Surge’ — Vitalik Buterin

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