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 <h2 data-ct-widget="explained-block-title" id="decentralized-mixture-of-experts-moe-explained">Decentralized mixture of experts (MoE) Explained</h2>
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 <p><em>With traditional models, everything is handled by one general system that has to deal with everything at once. MoE splits tasks into specialized experts, making it more efficient. And dMoE distributes decision-making across smaller systems, which helps when you’re working with big data or a lot of machines.</em></p>
 <p>Traditionally, <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/5-key-features-of-machine-learning" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">machine learning models</a> worked by using one big, general-purpose model to handle everything. Imagine a single expert trying to handle every task: It might be okay at some things but not great at others. For example, if you had a model trying to recognize both faces and text in the same system, the model would have to learn both tasks together, which could make it slower and less efficient.</p>
 <p>With MoE, instead of having one model try to do everything, you break the work into smaller tasks and specialize the model. Think of it like a company with different departments: one for marketing, one for finance and one for customer service. When a new task comes in, you send it to the relevant department, making the process more efficient. In MoE, the system chooses which expert to use based on what the task needs — so it’s faster and more accurate.</p>
 <p><img alt="MoE layer" src="https://s3.cointelegraph.com/storage/uploads/view/3037be2ad11807d8e61eaf6f6ba3d676.jpg" title="MoE layer"></p>
 <p>A decentralized mixture of experts (dMoE) system takes it a step further. Instead of one central “boss” deciding which expert to use, multiple smaller systems (or “gates”) each make their own decisions. This means the system <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/learn/training-vs-testing-data-in-machine-learning" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">can handle tasks more efficiently</a> across different parts of a large system. If you’re dealing with huge amounts of data or running the system on many different machines, dMoE helps by letting each part of the system work independently, making everything faster and more scalable.&nbsp;</p>
 <p>Together, MoE and dMoE allow for a much faster, smarter and scalable way of handling complex tasks.</p>
 <p><em><strong>Did you know?</strong> The core idea behind Mixture of Experts (MoE) models dates back to 1991 with the paper “Adaptive Mixture of Local Experts.” This paper introduced the concept of training specialized networks for specific tasks managed by a “gating network” that selects the right expert for each input. Remarkably, this approach was found to achieve target accuracy in half the training time of conventional models.</em></p>
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  <h2 data-ct-widget="explained-block-title" id="key-decentralized-moe-components">Key decentralized MoE components</h2>
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  <p><em>In a dMoE system, multiple distributed gating mechanisms independently route data to specialized expert models, enabling parallel processing and local decision-making without a central coordinator for efficient scalability.</em></p>
  <p>Key components that help dMoE systems work efficiently include:</p>
  <ul>
   <li><strong>Multiple gating mechanisms:</strong> Instead of having a single central gate deciding which experts to use, multiple smaller gates are distributed across the system. Each gate or router is responsible for selecting the right experts for its specific task or data subset. These gates can be thought of as decision-makers that manage different portions of the data in parallel.</li>
   <li><strong>Experts: </strong>The experts in a dMoE system are specialized models trained on different parts of the problem. These experts don’t all get activated at once. The gates select the most relevant experts based on the incoming data. Each expert focuses on one part of the problem, like one expert might focus on images, another on text, etc.</li>
   <li><strong>Distributed communication:</strong> Because the gates and experts are spread out, there must be efficient communication between components. Data is split and routed to the right gate, and the gates then pass the right data to the selected experts. This decentralized structure allows for parallel processing, where multiple tasks can be handled simultaneously.</li>
  </ul>
  <p>Local decision-making: In decentralized MoE, the decision-making is done locally. Each gate independently decides which experts to activate for a given input without waiting for a central coordinator. This allows the system to scale effectively, particularly in large distributed environments.</p>
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  <h2 data-ct-widget="explained-block-title" id="decentralized-moe-benefits">Decentralized MoE Benefits</h2>
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  <p><em>Decentralized MoE systems offer scalability, fault tolerance, efficiency, parallelization and better resource utilization by distributing tasks across multiple gates and experts, reducing reliance on a central coordinator.</em></p>
  <p>Here are the various benefits of dMoE systems:</p>
  <ul>
   <li><strong>Scalability:</strong> Decentralized MoE can handle much larger and more complex systems because it spreads out the workload. Since decision-making happens locally, you can add more gates and experts without overloading a central system. This makes it great for large-scale problems like those found in <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/explained/what-are-distributed-systems-and-how-do-they-work" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">distributed computing</a> or cloud environments.</li>
   <li><strong>Parallelization: </strong>Since different parts of the system work independently, dMoE allows for parallel processing. This means you can handle multiple tasks simultaneously, much faster than traditional centralized models. This is especially useful when you’re working with massive amounts of data.</li>
   <li><strong>Better resource utilization:</strong> In a decentralized system, resources are better allocated. Since experts are only activated when needed, the system doesn’t waste resources on unnecessary processing tasks, making it more energy and cost-efficient.</li>
   <li><strong>Efficiency:</strong> By dividing the work across multiple gates and experts, dMoE can process tasks more efficiently. It reduces the need for a central coordinator to manage everything, which can become a bottleneck. Each gate handles only the experts it needs, which speeds up the process and reduces computation costs.</li>
   <li><strong>Fault tolerance:</strong> Because decision-making is distributed, the system is less likely to fail if one part goes down. If one gate or expert fails, others can continue functioning independently, so the system as a whole remains operational.</li>
  </ul>
  <p><em><strong>Did you know?</strong> Mixtral 8x7B is a high-performance sparse mixture of experts (SMoE) model (where only a subset of available “experts” or components are activated for each input, rather than using all experts at once) that <a href="https://mistral.ai/news/mixtral-of-experts/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">outperforms</a> Llama 2 70B on most benchmarks with 6x faster inference. Licensed under Apache 2.0, it delivers excellent cost/performance and matches or exceeds GPT-3.5 in many tasks.</em></p>
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  <h2 data-ct-widget="explained-block-title" id="moe-vs-traditional-models">MoE vs. traditional models</h2>
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  <p><em>Traditional models use a single network for all tasks, which can be slower and less efficient. In contrast, MoE improves efficiency by selecting specific experts for each input, making it faster and better suited for complex data sets.</em></p>
  <p>Here is a summary comparing the two:</p>
  <p><img alt="Mixture of experts (MoE) vs. traditional models" src="https://s3.cointelegraph.com/storage/uploads/view/3e01b1226a95f03fa7850bc12b5c38ab.jpg" title="Mixture of experts (MoE) vs. traditional models"></p>
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  <h2 data-ct-widget="explained-block-title" id="applications-of-moe-in-ai-blockchain">Applications of MoE in AI &amp; blockchain</h2>
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  <p><em>In AI, MoE models are primarily used to enhance the efficiency and performance of <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/5-emerging-trends-in-deep-learning-and-artificial-intelligence" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">deep learning models</a>, particularly in large-scale tasks.&nbsp;</em></p>
  <p>The core idea behind MoE is that instead of training a single, monolithic model, multiple “expert” models are trained, each specializing in a specific aspect of the task. The system dynamically selects which experts to engage based on the input data. This allows MoE models to scale efficiently while also enabling specialization.</p>
  <p>Here are some key applications:</p>
  <ul>
   <li><strong>Natural language processing (NLP): </strong>Instead of having a single, large model that tries to handle <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/5-natural-language-processing-libraries-to-use" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">all aspects of language understanding</a>, MoE splits the task into specialized experts. For instance, one expert could specialize in understanding context, while another focuses on grammar or sentence structure. This enables more efficient use of computational resources while improving accuracy.</li>
   <li><strong>Reinforcement learning: </strong>MoE techniques have been applied to reinforcement learning, where multiple experts might specialize in different policies or strategies. By using a combination of these experts, an <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/learn/ai-automation-big-data-computer-vision-deep-learning" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">AI system can better handle dynamic environments</a> or tackle complex problems that would be challenging for a single model.</li>
   <li><strong>Computer vision: </strong>MoE models are also being <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/learn/computer-vision-applications-in-the-metaverse" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">explored in computer vision</a>, where different experts might focus on different types of visual patterns, such as shapes, textures or objects. This specialization can help improve the accuracy of image recognition systems, particularly in complex or varied environments.</li>
  </ul>
  <p><img alt="MoE layer from the Outrageously Large Neural Network paper" src="https://s3.cointelegraph.com/storage/uploads/view/05c5bd46bf61e8aa1a972687fe8dbb5e.jpg" title="MoE layer from the Outrageously Large Neural Network paper"></p>
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  <h2 data-ct-widget="explained-block-title" id="moe-in-blockchain">MoE in blockchain</h2>
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  <p><em>While the intersection of MoE and blockchain may not be as immediately obvious as in AI, MoE can still play a role in several aspects of blockchain technology, especially in optimizing smart contracts and consensus mechanisms.</em></p>
  <p>Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology that enables <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/learn/roots-of-defi-artificial-intelligence-big-data-cloud-computing-and-distributed-ledger-technology" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">secure and transparent transactions</a> without the need for intermediaries. Here’s how MoE can be applied to blockchain:</p>
  <ul>
   <li><strong>Consensus mechanisms: </strong>Consensus algorithms like <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/learn/proof-of-stake-vs-proof-of-work:-differences-explained" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">proof-of-work (PoW) or proof-of-stake (PoS)</a> can benefit from MoE techniques, particularly in managing different types of consensus rules or validators. Using MoE to allocate various resources or expertise to different parts of the <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/explained/what-is-a-blockchain-validator" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">blockchain’s validation process</a> could improve scalability and reduce energy consumption (especially in PoW systems).</li>
   <li><strong>Smart contract optimization:</strong> As blockchain networks scale, the complexity of <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/learn/what-are-smart-contracts-a-beginners-guide-to-automated-agreements" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">smart contracts</a> can become cumbersome. MoE can be applied to optimize these contracts by allowing different “expert” models to handle specific operations or contract types, improving efficiency and reducing computational overhead.</li>
   <li><strong>Fraud detection and security: </strong>MoE can be leveraged to enhance security on blockchain platforms. By utilizing specialized experts to <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/explained/how-is-artificial-intelligence-used-in-fraud-detection" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">detect anomalies, malicious transactions or fraud</a>, the blockchain network can benefit from a more robust security system. Different experts could focus on transaction patterns, user behavior or even cryptographic analysis to flag potential risks.</li>
   <li><strong>Scalability:</strong> Blockchain scalability is a major challenge, and MoE can contribute to solutions by partitioning tasks across specialized experts, reducing the load on any single component. For example, different <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/learn/what-is-a-bitcoin-node-a-beginners-guide-on-blockchain-nodes" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">blockchain nodes</a> could focus on different layers of the blockchain stack, such as transaction validation, block creation or consensus verification.</li>
  </ul>
  <p><em><strong>Did you know?</strong> Combining MoE with AI and blockchain can enhance <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/learn/what-are-dapps-everything-there-is-to-know-about-decentralized-applications" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">decentralized applications (DApps)</a> like DeFi and NFT marketplaces. MoE enables smarter decision-making by using specialized models to analyze market trends and data. It also supports <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/learn/what-is-a-dao" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">automated governance in DAOs</a>, allowing smart contracts to adapt based on expert-driven insights.</em></p>
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  <h2 data-ct-widget="explained-block-title" id="challenges-associated-with-decentralized-moe">Challenges associated with decentralized MoE</h2>
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  <p><em>Decentralized MoE is an exciting but underexplored concept, particularly when combining the principles of decentralization (as seen in blockchain) with specialized AI models (as seen in MoE). While this combination holds potential, it also introduces a set of unique challenges that need to be addressed.</em></p>
  <p>These challenges primarily involve coordination, scalability, security and resource management.</p>
  <ul>
   <li><strong>Scalability:</strong> Distributing computational tasks across decentralized nodes can create load imbalances and network bottlenecks, limiting scalability. Efficient resource allocation is critical to avoid performance degradation.</li>
   <li><strong>Coordination and consensus:</strong> Ensuring effective routing of inputs and coordination between decentralized experts is complex, especially without a central authority. Consensus mechanisms may need to adapt to handle dynamic routing decisions.</li>
   <li><strong>Model aggregation and consistency:</strong> Managing the synchronization and consistency of updates across distributed experts can lead to issues with model quality and fault tolerance.</li>
   <li><strong>Resource management:</strong> Balancing computational and storage resources across diverse, independent nodes can result in inefficiencies or overloads.</li>
   <li><strong>Security and privacy:</strong> Decentralized systems are more vulnerable to attacks (e.g., <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/whales-sybil-attacks-and-low-trust-can-daos-avoid-centralization-pitfalls" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">Sybil attacks</a>). Protecting data privacy and ensuring expert integrity without a central control point is challenging.</li>
   <li><strong>Latency: </strong>Decentralized MoE systems may experience higher latency due to the need for inter-node communication, which may hinder real-time decision-making applications.</li>
  </ul>
  <p>These challenges require innovative solutions in decentralized AI architectures, consensus algorithms and privacy-preserving techniques. Advances in these areas will be key to making decentralized MoE systems more scalable, efficient and secure, ensuring they can handle increasingly complex tasks in a distributed environment.</p>
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What a decentralized mixture of experts (MoE) is, and how it works

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