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Polyhedra Network

Peercoin, also known as PPC or Peer-to-Peer Coin, was created by Sunny King and his team and launched in August 2012. It is the first blockchain to implement Proof-of-Stake consensus.

The primary inspiration behind the creation of Peercoin was to address a number of perceived shortcomings of Bitcoin, including energy efficiency, security and sustainability, decentralization and long-term viability.

Essentially it was designed as an enhanced replacement for Bitcoin. As such, it was originally forked from Bitcoin and uses the same UTXO style blockchain. However, Peercoin's code was modified to introduce Proof-of-Stake as its primary consensus protocol. The next section explains how this makes for a better blockchain.

Given that Peercoin uses most of the same code, it can easily port new features from Bitcoin and utilize any of the supporting infrastructure, including tech advancements like Taproot or Lightning Network. Peercoin is the only Proof-of-Stake blockchain that uses modern Bitcoin code, making it the perfect drop-in replacement.

Peercoin also has a dedicated community, is actively developed, fairly distributed, has low barriers of participation, can do everything that Bitcoin does, minus the 13 TWh of energy usage, and it's not a scam.

Peercoin

Blast

Moca Network

ZetaChain is the first Universal Blockchain with native access to Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, and more, offering seamless UX and unified liquidity to the next billions of users. With its Universal EVM, ZetaChain empowers developers to build Universal Apps that operate natively across any blockchain, creating a fluid crypto ecosystem from a single platform.

ZetaChain

Osmosis launched in 2021 as a DeFi-focused appchain (application-specific blockchain) and decentralized exchange (DEX). Osmosis DEX is the premier application built on the Osmosis chain and serves as the leading DEX and DeFi Hub for the Cosmos ecosystem and beyond.

As an appchain DEX, Osmosis has greater control over the full blockchain stack than DEXs that must follow the code of a parent chain. This fine-grained control has enabled the development of innovative features like Smart Accounts, 1-Click Trading, highly-performant on-chain orderbooks, and more.

To date, the Osmosis DEX has facilitated over $40 Billion in trading volume, and more than 140 separate blockchains have connected to the Osmosis appchain via various external bridges and IBC, the Inter-Blockchain Communication Protocol.

Osmosis has seen significant success, especially as a liquidity and trading hub for assets from appchains without their own native DEX (e.g., Akash, Celestia). This is one of the largest untapped markets in crypto, with Bitcoin itself being an appchain without a native DEX.

Home to an ever-expanding ecosystem of DeFi applications, Osmosis merges native tooling with powerful third-party integrations to provide a one-stop experience that raises the bar over centralized exchange offerings.

Osmosis

Gravity

Manta Network

LayerZero is an omnichain interoperability protocol designed for lightweight message passing across chains. LayerZero provides authentic and guaranteed message delivery with configurable trustlessness. It is a “blockchain of blockchains” that allows other blockchain networks to communicate directly and in a trustless manner.

LayerZero’s key feature is Ultra Light Nodes (ULNs). These smart contracts run on each blockchain and act as endpoints for cross-chain communication. ULNs verify the validity of transactions and messages from other chains using block headers and transaction proofs, ensuring security and efficiency.

LayerZero supports any blockchain that can run smart contracts, such as Ethereum, BNB Chain, Avalanche, Polygon, Arbitrum, Optimism, Fantom and other chains. LayerZero also supports non-EVM chains like Aptos. These so-called omnichain applications should become a key layer of a multi-chain future, where different blockchains interact simultaneously.

LayerZero aims to create the optimal interoperability solution for blockchains with seamless and trustless cross-chain transactions.

LayerZero

Biconomy is a multichain relayer protocol that aims to improve the user onboarding and transaction experience on decentralized applications (DApps). The project’s declared goal is to make web3 products as intuitive and easy to use as web2 products. Biconomy offers an infrastructure to solve several web3 bottlenecks:

Protocols can onboard users without paying gas fees.

Users can pay gas in an ERC-20 token of their choice.

Users avoid blockchain complexities like a change of network.

Transactions are confirmed much faster.

In short, Biconomy focuses on transaction management and gas optimization and can reduce gas costs by up to 40%. To achieve that, the protocol utilizes meta transactions, allowing users to submit a transaction with zero gas and having a third party pay for the transaction fees for the user. By providing a non-custodial and gas-efficient relayer infrastructure network, Biconomy is able to do this at scale.

Biconomy

Zap (ZAP) is the first-ever decentralized oracle platform to be released to the public. The official launch for Zap oracles was in January 2019; however, work and development on the project began in 2017, when the coin first went public. The Zap protocol is an innovative take on data sharing, token creation and decentralized applications (DApps). In addition, the platform allows users to set bonded pricing curves. The combination of all these capabilities makes Zap a multifunctional blockchain solution for a wide range of applications.

The Zapp protocol’s main goal is to be an all-in-one solution for DApp developers, investors and other enterprises looking to introduce blockchain decentralization to their operations.

DeepBook Protocol

KardiaChain is a Layer-1 blockchain designed to bridge the gap between blockchain technology and mainstream adoption by converging the physical and digital worlds. As a hybrid public-private blockchain infrastructure, KardiaChain focuses on decentralization, security, and scalability to deliver seamless Web3 solutions for real-world applications. It also powers transformative technologies like Onchain AI, and NF3 Chip Technology to further expand its ecosystem.

Key Features:

High Performance and Scalability

Utilizes the Byzantine Fault Tolerance Delegated Proof-of-Stake (BFT-DPoS) consensus mechanism for high throughput, low latency, and energy-efficient operations.
Designed to scale while maintaining decentralization and low transaction costs.

Hybrid Blockchain Model

Combines public and private chains for enhanced privacy, security, and flexibility tailored to enterprise and consumer use cases.
Phygital Integration (Kyokai Initiative)

Maps real-world components – People, Items, Locations, and Activities (P.I.L.A.) – onto the blockchain using technologies like NFC+, AR/VR, and 3D modeling.
Enables trackable and verifiable physical items (e.g., luxury goods, events, and spaces).
Connects physical assets to on-chain representations for ownership, authentication, and interactive experiences.

Onchain AI Integration

KardiaChain powers Onchain AI, a platform that merges artificial intelligence with blockchain technology. Key features include:
AI Agents: Autonomous agents capable of managing social media interactions, handling blockchain wallets, and automating digital tasks.
On-Chain Recording: All actions are securely recorded on the blockchain for full transparency and accountability.
Token Utility: AI agents operate using energy from burning $KAI, creating sustainable tokenomics.
Upcoming Features: Voice-based AI interactions, media creation, and livestreaming.

Onchain AI is a AI-driven virtual agents that manage online identities and interactions.
Capabilities include:
Automating social media engagement, content creation, and audience interaction.
Managing blockchain-based wallets with secure and transparent operations.
Monetization Opportunities: Users can earn based on engagement metrics, fostering a revenue-generating ecosystem.
Skillset Marketplace: Agents can acquire and exchange advanced skillsets, such as trading, content creation, and music composing.

NF3 Chip Technology

A phygital bridge utilizing NFC (Near-Field Communication) chips to link physical objects to blockchain-based digital assets.
Key functionalities:
Encrypted Private Keys: Ensures secure ownership validation and asset transfers.
Phone Number-Based Wallets (PNW): Simplifies onboarding and wallet management.
Interactive Phygital Experiences: Seamless real-world-to-digital interactions via simple NFC taps.
Use Cases: Digital gifting, product verification, collectibles, and consumer engagement.

Web3 Infrastructure and Ecosystem

Comprehensive toolset includes wallets, explorers, smart contract IDEs, NFT creation platforms, and analytics tools.

The platform relies on a native token, KAI, which is used for staking, transaction fees, participating in services and deploying smart contracts.

KardiaChain was first announced in October 2018, and its mainnet went live in December 2020.

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