Procedural programming refers to a series of instructions that inform a computer what it should do step-by-step to achieve the task.
Procedural programming is usually the first paradigm that a developer learns. Fundamentally, the procedural code is the one that directly tells a device how to perform a task in logical phases. Based on the notion of a procedure call, procedural programming separates the program into procedures, which are sometimes known as routines or functions, simply having a set of actions to be carried out. This paradigm takes a linear top-down approach and sees data and methods as two independent entities.
One example of a pre-defined function is ‘charAt()’, which looks for a character position in a string.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that stores data (in the form of fields or attributes) and code in "objects" (in the form of procedures or methods).
Procedural programming differs from object-oriented programming in that procedural programming is mostly focused on functions, whereas OOP is primarily based on objects. The following are some key distinctions between these two programming paradigms:
The Focus
Algorithms are the foundation of the procedural-oriented programming paradigm (a finite sequence of executable computer instructions) primarily concerned with the storage, manipulation, and administration of data.
Working Mechanism
In procedural programming, the fundamental strategy is to break down a difficult problem into smaller parts that are easier to comprehend, handle, and manage.
Object-oriented programming (OOP), on the other hand, concentrates on the objects to be processed rather than the technique or logic by which they will be handled.
The Origin
The procedural-oriented programming paradigm is developed from the imperative programming model, whereas the declarative programming paradigm is related to the OOP paradigm.
Division of Programs
A program is organized into functions or code blocks under the procedural programming paradigm. The function is the programming unit in this paradigm. The program is organized into multiple objects of classes under the object-oriented programming paradigm, and the programming unit is class.
Memory Requirement
Object-oriented programming’s data-oriented approach needs a large memory.
The procedure-oriented programming paradigm, on the other hand, works with extremely small memory.
Procedural-oriented languages use a top-down approach to problem-solving, breaking down a huge complicated problem into smaller sections that may be explored separately.
Object-oriented programming employs a bottom-up strategy, which entails assembling smaller chunks to build up a large object.
The former divides a huge program into smaller pieces, whereas the latter assembles a large program from a number of smaller ones. In this way, the procedure-oriented and object-oriented programming approaches are diametrically opposed.
Debugging and Repurposing Code
Debugging procedural languages is complex, but debugging object-oriented languages is simple and straightforward. Furthermore, compared to the procedural-oriented programming paradigm, object-oriented programming allows for considerably simpler reuse of code.
Storage of Data
In an object-oriented programming paradigm, data and related behavior are stored at a single location, whereas in a procedural-oriented programming paradigm, they are separated and stored in various areas.
Parallel programming is not supported by the procedural-oriented programming paradigm, but it is supported by the object-oriented programming model.
Communication
In the procedural-oriented programming paradigm, code is communicated by invoking the program's function.
In object-oriented programming, objects communicate with each other by passing messages.
Haskell, C, Pascal, Fortran, and BASIC are some languages that enable a procedural-oriented programming paradigm.
C++, Python, and Java are well-known examples of languages that support the OOP paradigm.
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